Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis by enhancing death receptor expression.

Apoptosis Ligand (Trail), Angonistic monoclonal antibodies to trail receptors and molecule trail receptor agonists are different from preclinical and pretty clinical trials as potential anti-cancer drugs. As a result, there is a substantial interest in understanding the factors that affect the sensitivity to these agents. In the present study, we observed that polymerase polymerase inhibitors (PARP-RIBOSE) Olaparib and Veliparib sensitize the cellular lines of myeloid leukemia ML-1 and K562, the ovarian cancer cancer line. Peo1, the A549 non-low cell lung cancer line, and a majority of clinical AML isolates, but no normal marrow, at the track.

Further analysis has shown that the processing of PARP inhibitor results in an activation of the promoters of the FAS and the TNFRSF10B (Death Receiver 5 (DR5)), increased FAS and DR5 mRNA and a surface expression of High cell of these receptors in sensitized cells. The immunoprecipitation of chromatin has demonstrated an improved connection of the SP1 transcription factor to the TNFRSF10B promoter in the presence of PARP inhibitor. The reversal of PARP1 or PARP2 not only has an increased expression of FAS and DR5 at the mRNA and the protein level, but also summarized the sensitization effects of the inhibition PARP. Conversely, SP1 Hashingdown has decreased the effects of Parp inhibitor. Given the fact that the trail is part of the armamentarium of natural killer cells, these observations identify a new facet of the action of inhibitor PARP while simultaneously providing the mechanistic sub-declarations of a new therapeutic combination that justifies a more in-depth investigation.

The rapid evolution of PARP genes suggests a broad role of FAD-ribosylation in host virus conflicts.

Changes in post-translational proteins such as phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation are common molecular objectives of conflict between viruses and their hosts. However, the role of other post-translational modifications, such as ADP-ribosylation, in earlier virus interactions, is less well characterized. The adp-ribosylation is carried out by proteins coded by the Gene PARP family (also called ArtD). The majority of 17 human Parp genes are poorly characterized. However, a PARP, PARP13 / ZAP protein, has extensive antiviral activity and has evolved into a positive selection (diversification) in primates. Such an evolution is typical of areas that are locked in antagonistic “breeds of weapons” with viral factors.

To identify additional PARP genes that can be involved in host virus interactions, we performed evolutionary analyzes on all Primates PARP genes to search for quick evolution signatures. Contrary to the expectations that most PARP genes are involved in “household” functions, we found that nearly one-third of PARP genes evolve in a selection of recurrent positive choices. We have identified a disordered region of 300 amino acids of PARP4, a component of cytoplasmic vault structures, in order to rapidly evolve into several mammalian lines, suggesting that this region serves as a significant interface for the specificity of the host-pathogen. . We also found a positive selection of PARP9, 14 and 15, the only three human genes containing both PARP domains and macrodomates.

Macrodomains recognize uniquely, and in some cases can reverse, mono-adp-ribosylation protein, and we have observed high recurring positive selection signatures in macro-PARP macrodomains. In addition, PARP14 and PARP15 suffered repeated turns of birth and loss of genes during the evolution of vertebrates, in accordance with recurring gene innovation. Together with previous studies that involved several parps in immunity, as well as those who have demonstrated a role of virically coded macrodomains in the immune escape of the host, our evolutionary analyzes suggest that the addition, recognition and The elimination of ADP-ribosylation are a critical and underestimated currency in the host. -Virus conflicts.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis by enhancing death receptor expression.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis by enhancing death receptor expression.

The sequencing of the capture of exode reveals new perspectives on hepatocellular carcinoma induced by the hepatitis B virus at the beginning of tumorigenesis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver cancer type, is the main leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. The molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and training of HCC remain obscure. In this study, we performed an exome sequencing using normal tumors and tissues from 3 patients with possible Hepatitis B (HBV) BCCCs. The bioinformatic analysis was performed to find somatic mutations modifying candidate proteins. Eighty damaging mutations have been validated and 59 genes were to be transferred to HBV CCRs for the first time here.

Further analysis using entire genome sequencing data (WGS) of 88 HBV-related HCC patients from the European Genome-Phenomena archive database showed that mutations of 33 of the 59 genes have also been detected in other samples. Variants of two newly found genes, ZNF717 and PARP4 were detected in more than 10% of WGS samples. Several other genes, such as FLNA and CNTN2, are also remarkable. Thus, the sequencing analysis of the exode of three patients with BCLC a patient offers new perspectives in the molecular events governing the first steps of HCC tumorigenesis induced by the HBV. POLY Polymerase Catalyzes the formation of adap-ribose polymers attached covalently to proteins using NAD + as a substrate. PARP is strongly activated by DNA two-strand breaks and is considered involved in cell responses to DNA damage.

JAG-1, scrambled

TP1686-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled

JAG-1, scrambled

TP1686-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled

JAG-1, scrambled

TP1686-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled

JAG-1, scrambled

TP1686-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled

DSL Domain - JAG-1 (Human)

101-01 100 μg
EUR 430.92

DSL Domain - JAG-2 (Human)

101-07 100 μg
EUR 430.92

JAG - 1 (188 - 204), Jagged – 1 (188 - 204), Notch Ligand

5-01413 4 x 1mg Ask for price

JAG 1 (188 204), Jagged 1 (188 204), Notch Ligand Peptide

abx266751-1ml 1 ml
EUR 412.5

JAG 1 (188 204), Jagged 1 (188 204), Notch Ligand Peptide

abx266751-200l 200 µl
EUR 212.5

JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

TP1686L-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

TP1686L-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

TP1686L-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

TP1686L-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

TP1686L-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: JAG-1, scrambled TFA(402941-23-5 free base)

R-JAG (188 - 206) R - Jagged -1(188 - 206), Notch Ligand

5-01864 4 x 1mg Ask for price

R-JAG (188 206) R Jagged 1(188 206), Notch Ligand Peptide

abx266790-1ml 1 ml
EUR 450

R-JAG (188 206) R Jagged 1(188 206), Notch Ligand Peptide

abx266790-200l 200 µl
EUR 225

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

20-abx067570
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

20-abx067571
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

20-abx067572
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

20-abx165879
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx165879-100g 100 µg
EUR 550

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx165879-10g 10 µg
EUR 212.5

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx165879-50g 50 µg
EUR 387.5

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067570-100g 100 µg
EUR 500

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067570-10g 10 µg
EUR 200

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067570-50g 50 µg
EUR 350

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067571-100g 100 µg
EUR 350

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067571-200g 200 µg
EUR 500

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067571-50g 50 µg
EUR 200

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067572-100g 100 µg
EUR 350

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067572-200g 200 µg
EUR 500

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx067572-50g 50 µg
EUR 200

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx654085-1g 1 µg
EUR 200

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx654085-50g 50 µg
EUR 475

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Protein

abx654085-5g 5 µg
EUR 337.5

Mouse Protein jagged-1 (Jag1)

1-CSB-EP870758MO
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100ug
  • 10ug
  • 1MG
  • 200ug
  • 500ug
  • 50ug
Description: Recombinant Mouse Protein jagged-1(Jag1),partial expressed in E.coli

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx101517
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx101518
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx101519
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx129567
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx173207
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx177228
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101517-100l 100 µl
EUR 262.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101517-1ml 1 ml
EUR 712.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101517-200l 200 µl
EUR 325

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101518-100l 100 µl
EUR 262.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101518-1ml 1 ml
EUR 712.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101518-200l 200 µl
EUR 325

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101519-100l 100 µl
EUR 262.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101519-1ml 1 ml
EUR 712.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx101519-200l 200 µl
EUR 325

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx129567-100l 100 µl
EUR 262.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx129567-1ml 1 ml
EUR 725

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx129567-200l 200 µl
EUR 337.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx173207-100l 100 µl
EUR 275

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx173207-1ml 1 ml
EUR 750

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody

abx173207-200l 200 µl
EUR 337.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx037271-100ug 100 ug
EUR 469.2

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx038125-100ug 100 ug
EUR 469.2

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx213868
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ul
  • 50 ul

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx214943
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ul
  • 50 ul

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx216340-100ug 100 ug
EUR 526.8

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx327592
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 50 ug

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

20-abx302273
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx431368-200ul 200 ul
EUR 460.8

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx213868-100l 100 µl
EUR 250

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx302273-100g 100 µg
EUR 362.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx302273-20g 20 µg
EUR 162.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx302273-50g 50 µg
EUR 250

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx037271-96tests 96 tests
EUR 337.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx038125-1mg 1 mg
EUR 337.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx214943-100tests 100 tests
EUR 350

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx214943-200tests 200 tests Ask for price

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx214943-50tests 50 tests
EUR 250

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx327592-100g 100 µg
EUR 250

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx327592-50g 50 µg
EUR 187.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody

abx431368-200l 200 µl
EUR 387.5

Recombinant Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1)

4-RPB807Hu01
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 500 ug
  • 50ug
  • 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Jagged 1 Protein expressed in: E.coli

Recombinant Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1)

4-RPB807Hu02
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 500 ug
  • 50ug
  • 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Jagged 1 Protein expressed in: E.coli

Recombinant Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1)

4-RPB807Hu03
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 500 ug
  • 50ug
  • 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Human Jagged 1 Protein expressed in: E.coli

Recombinant Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1)

4-RPB807Mu01
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 500 ug
  • 50ug
  • 5 mg
Description: Recombinant Mouse Jagged 1 Protein expressed in: E.coli

Rat Jag1/ Protein jagged-1 ELISA Kit

E0537Ra 1 Kit
EUR 557
Description: CD339

Rat Jag1(Protein jagged-1) ELISA Kit

EKF58438-48T 48T
EUR 396.9

Rat Jag1(Protein jagged-1) ELISA Kit

EKF58438-5x96T 5x96T
EUR 2693.25

Rat Jag1(Protein jagged-1) ELISA Kit

EKF58438-96T 96T
EUR 567

Rat Jag1(Protein jagged-1) ELISA Kit

ER0639 96T
EUR 681.12
Description: Method of detection: Double Antibody, Sandwich ELISA;Reacts with: Rattus;Sensitivity: 46.9pg/ml

Rat Jag1 / Protein jagged-1 ELISA Kit

E2164r 96T
EUR 796

Protein jagged-1

AP79308 1mg
EUR 2640

Protein jagged-1

AP84265 1mg
EUR 2640

Protein jagged-1

AP84721 1mg
EUR 2640

Mouse Jag1/ Protein jagged-1 ELISA Kit

E0818Mo 1 Kit
EUR 543
Description: CD339

Human JAG1/ Protein jagged-1 ELISA Kit

E1358Hu 1 Kit
EUR 515
Description: JAGL1,CD339

Human JAG1 / Protein jagged-1 ELISA Kit

E2164h 96T
EUR 736

Mouse Jag1 / Protein jagged-1 ELISA Kit

E2164m 96T
EUR 776

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (HRP)

20-abx315963
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (HRP)

abx315963-100g 100 µg
EUR 362.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (HRP)

abx315963-20g 20 µg
EUR 162.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (HRP)

abx315963-50g 50 µg
EUR 250

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (FITC)

20-abx315964
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (FITC)

abx315964-100g 100 µg
EUR 362.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (FITC)

abx315964-20g 20 µg
EUR 162.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (FITC)

abx315964-50g 50 µg
EUR 250

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx272192
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx274491
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 50 ug

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

abx272192-1ml 1 ml
EUR 787.5

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

abx272192-200l 200 µl
EUR 350

Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

abx274491-96tests 96 tests
EUR 350

Rat Protein jagged- 1, Jag1 ELISA KIT

ELI-06944r 96 Tests
EUR 1063.2

Rat JAG1(Jagged 1 Protein) ELISA Kit

ELK9329-48T 48T Ask for price
Description: The test principle applied in this kit is Sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to Rat JAG1. Standards or samples are added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells then with a biotin-conjugated antibody specific to Rat JAG1. Next, Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is added to each microplate well and incubated. After TMB substrate solution is added, only those wells that contain Rat JAG1, biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit a change in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of sulphuric acid solution and the color change is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450nm ± 10nm. The concentration of Rat JAG1 in the samples is then determined by comparing the OD of the samples to the standard curve.

Rat JAG1(Jagged 1 Protein) ELISA Kit

ELK9329-96T 96T Ask for price
Description: The test principle applied in this kit is Sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to Rat JAG1. Standards or samples are added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells then with a biotin-conjugated antibody specific to Rat JAG1. Next, Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is added to each microplate well and incubated. After TMB substrate solution is added, only those wells that contain Rat JAG1, biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit a change in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of sulphuric acid solution and the color change is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450nm ± 10nm. The concentration of Rat JAG1 in the samples is then determined by comparing the OD of the samples to the standard curve.

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

20-abx315965
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 100 ug
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug
  • 20 ug
  • 50 ug

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

abx315965-100g 100 µg
EUR 362.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

abx315965-20g 20 µg
EUR 162.5

Protein Jagged-1 (JAG1) Antibody (Biotin)

abx315965-50g 50 µg
EUR 250

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) CLIA Kit

20-abx493101
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 10 × 96 tests
  • 5 × 96 tests
  • 96 tests

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) CLIA Kit

20-abx493102
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 10 × 96 tests
  • 5 × 96 tests
  • 96 tests

Rat Protein jagged-1 (JAG1) ELISA Kit

abx256614-96tests 96 tests
EUR 801.6

Rat Protein jagged-1 (JAG1) ELISA Kit

RK14543 96T
EUR 280

Rat Jagged 1 Protein

E01A14229 96T
EUR 700
Description: ELISA

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) ELISA Kit

20-abx152071
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 10 × 96 tests
  • 5 × 96 tests
  • 96 tests

Mouse Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) ELISA Kit

20-abx154277
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 10 × 96 tests
  • 5 × 96 tests
  • 96 tests

Human Jagged 1 Protein (JAG1) ELISA Kit

DLR-JAG1-Hu 96T
EUR 443
Description: serum, plasma, tissue homogenates or other biological fluids.

We have characterized a dominant negative Parp mutant, that is to say the DNA binding domain of this enzyme, whose overexpression in cells results in increased genetic instability after damage to DNA. In order to study whether the PARP activity is also involved in the process of tumorigenesis, we have generated helical cell clones in a stable manner with a constitutive overexpression of the dominant negative PARP and a tumor formation examined with these clones in naked mice. .